Else Clause; Conditional Expressions

We just used an else after an if. The most general form of if is
if (expression) statement1 else statement2
the else part is optional, but often useful. The canonical example sets x to the minimum of a and b:
if (a < b)
x = a;
else
x = b;
Observe that there's a semicolon after x=a.
C provides an alternate form of conditional which is often more concise. It is called the ``conditional expression'' because it is a conditional which actually has a value and can be used anywhere an expression can. The value of
ais a if a is less than b; it is b otherwise. In general, the form
expr1 ? expr2 : expr3
means ``evaluate expr1. If it is not zero, the value of the whole thing is expr2; otherwise the value is expr3.''
To set x to the minimum of a and b, then:
x = (aThe parentheses aren't necessary because `?:' is evaluated before `=', but safety first.
Going a step further, we could write the loop in the lower-case program as
while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' )
putchar( ('A'<=c && c<='Z') ? c-'A'+'a' : c );
If's and else's can be used to construct logic that branches one of several ways and then rejoins, a common programming structure, in this way:
if(...)
{...}
else if(...)
{...}
else if(...)
{...}
else
{...}
The conditions are tested in order, and exactly one block is executed; either the first one whose if is satisfied, or the one for the last else. When this block is finished, the next statement executed is the one after the last else. If no action is to be taken for the ``default'' case, omit the last else.
For example, to count letters, digits and others in a file, we could write
main( ) {
int let, dig, other, c;
let = dig = other = 0;
while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' )
if( ('A'<=c && c<='Z') || ('a'<=c && c<='z') )
++let;
else if( '0'<=c && c<='9' ) ++dig;
else ++other;
printf("%d letters, %d digits, %d others\n", let, dig, other);
}
The `++' operator means ``increment by 1''; we will get to it in the next section.